imtoken钱包下载地址官方|copper

作者: imtoken钱包下载地址官方
2024-03-07 17:56:52

铜(过渡金属元素)_百度百科

金属元素)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心铜是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共5个义项)展开添加义项铜[tóng]播报讨论上传视频过渡金属元素收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10本词条由“科普中国”科学百科词条编写与应用工作项目 审核 。铜(Cuprum)是一种金属元素,也是一种过渡元素,化学符号Cu,英文copper,原子序数29。纯铜是柔软的金属,表面刚切开时为红橙色带金属光泽,单质呈紫红色。延展性好,导热性和导电性高,因此在电缆和电气、电子元件是最常用的材料,也可用作建筑材料,可以组成众多种合金。铜合金机械性能优异,电阻率很低,其中最重要的数青铜和黄铜。此外,铜也是耐用的金属,可以多次回收而无损其机械性能。二价铜盐是最常见的铜化合物,其水合离子常呈蓝色,而氯做配体则显绿色,是蓝铜矿和绿松石等矿物颜色的来源,历史上曾广泛用作颜料。铜质建筑结构受腐蚀后会产生铜绿(碱式碳酸铜)。装饰艺术主要使用金属铜和含铜的颜料。铜是人类最早使用的金属之一。早在史前时代,人们就开始采掘露天铜矿,并用获取的铜制造武器、工具和其他器皿,铜的使用对早期人类文明的进步影响深远。铜是一种存在于地壳和海洋中的金属。铜在地壳中的含量约为0.01%,在个别铜矿床中,铜的含量可以达到3%~5%。自然界中的铜,多数以化合物即铜矿石存在。铜的活动性较弱,铁单质与硫酸铜反应可以置换出铜单质。铜单质不溶于非氧化性酸。中文名铜 [4]外文名copper(cuprum)别    名紫铜化学式Cu [4]分子量63.546CAS登录号7440-50-8 [4]EINECS登录号231-159-6 [4]熔    点单质1357.77K(1083.4℃)沸    点单质2835K(2562℃)水溶性不溶于水密    度8.960g/cm³(固态)8.920g/cm³(熔融液态)外    观常温下为(紫)红色固体应    用制作导线、器皿、艺术品等莫氏硬度3原子半径128pm化合价0、+1、+2、+3、+4原子序数29所属周期4所属族数IB元素类别过渡金属元素分区ds元素符号Cu目录1研究历史▪形成期▪鼎盛期▪转变期2理化性质▪物理性质▪化学性质▪同位素3制备4铜化合物▪铜(I)▪铜(II)▪常见铜化合物5用途6冶炼生产消费▪矿石的加工▪冶炼过程▪国内现状▪世界分布▪消费国▪十大产国7与人体健康▪简介▪人体的需求量▪吸收与排泄▪在人体的作用▪铜的食物来源研究历史播报编辑人类使用铜及其合金已有数千年历史。古罗马时期铜的主要开采地是塞浦路斯,因此最初得名cyprium(意为塞浦路斯的金属),后来变为cuprum,这是其英语(copper)、法语(cuivre)和德语(Kupfer)的来源。铜是人类最早使用的金属之一。早在史前时代,人们就开始采掘露天铜矿,并用获取的铜制造武器、式具和其他器皿,铜的使用对早期人类文明的进步影响深远。青铜礼乐器(4张)中国使用铜的历史年代久远。大约在六七千年以前中国人的祖先就发现并开始使用铜。1973年陕西临潼姜寨遗址曾出土一件半圆形残铜片,经鉴定为黄铜。1975年甘肃东乡林家马家窑文化遗址(约公元前3000左右)出土一件青铜刀,这是目前在中国发现的最早的青铜器,是中国进入青铜时代的证明。相对西亚、南亚及北非于距今约6500年前先后进入青铜时代而言,中国青铜时代的到来较晚。中国存在一个铜器与石器并用时代,年代距今约为5500~4500年。中国在此基础上发明青铜合金,与世界青铜器发展模式相同。“国之大事,在祀及戎。”对于中国先秦中原各国而言,最大的事情莫过于祭祀和对外战争。作为代表当时最先进的金属冶炼、铸造技术的青铜,也主要用在祭祀礼仪和战争上。夏、商、周三代所发现的青铜器,其功能(用)均为礼仪用具和武器以及围绕二者的附属用具,这一点与世界各国青铜器有区别,形成了具有中国传统特色的青铜器文化体系。一般把中国青铜器文化的发展划分为三大阶段,即形成期、鼎盛时期和转变期。形成期是指龙山时代,距今4500~4000年;鼎盛期即中国青铜器时代,时代包括夏、商、西周、春秋及战国早期,延续时间约一千六百余年,也就是中国传统体系的青铜器文化时代;转变时期指战国末期~秦汉时期,青铜器已逐步被铁器取代,不仅数量上大减,而且也由原来礼乐兵器及使用在礼仪祭祀,战争活动等等重要场合变成日常用具,其相应的器别种类、构造特征、装饰艺术也发生了转折性的变化。形成期距今4500~4000年龙山时代,相当于尧舜禹传说时代。古文献上记载当时人们已开始冶铸青铜器。黄河、长江中下游地区的龙山时代遗址里,经考古发掘,在几十处遗址里发现了青铜器制品。从现有的材料来看,形成期的铜器有以下特点:1、红铜与青铜器并存,并出现黄铜。甘肃省东乡林家遗址,出土一件范铸的青铜刀;河北省唐山大城山遗址发现两件带孔红铜牌饰;河南省登封王城岗龙山城内出土一件含锡7%的青铜容器残片;山西省襄汾陶寺墓地内出土一件完整铜铃,系红铜;山东胶县三里河遗址出土两件黄铜锥;山东省栖霞杨家圈出土黄铜残片。发现铜质制品数量最多的是甘肃、青海、宁夏一带的齐家文化,有好几处墓地出土刀、锥、钻、环和铜镜,有些是青铜,有些是红铜。制作技术方面,有的是锻打的,有的是用范铸造的,比较先进。2、青铜器品种较少,多属于日常工具和生活类,如刀、锥、钻、环、铜镜、装饰品等。但是应当承认当时人们已能够制造容器。此外,在龙山文化中常见红色或黄色陶鬶,且流口,腹裆部常有模仿的金属铆钉,如果认为这时的铜鬶容器与夏商铜鬶,爵、斝容器功能一样的话,当时的青铜器已经在或开始转向礼器了。3、一般小遗址也出土铜制品,一般居民也拥青铜制品。此外,这个时期的青铜制品多朴实无饰,就是有纹饰的铜镜也仅为星条纹、三角纹等等的几何文饰,绝无三代青铜器纹饰的神秘感。鼎盛期鼎盛期即中国青铜器时代,包括夏、商、西周、春秋及战国早期,延续时间约一千六百余年。这个时期的青铜器主要分为礼乐器、兵器及杂器。乐器也主要用在宗庙祭祀活动中。礼器是古代繁文缛节的礼仪中使用的,或陈于庙堂,或用于宴饮、盥洗,还有一些是专门做殉葬的明器。青铜礼器带有一定的神圣性,是不能在一般生活场合使用的。所有青铜器中,礼器数量最多,制作也最精美。礼乐器可以代表中国青铜器制作工艺的最高水平。礼器种类包括烹炊器、食器、酒器、水器和神像类。这一时期的青铜器装饰最为精美,文饰种类也较多。青铜器的装饰青铜器最常见花纹之一,是饕餮纹,也叫兽面纹。这种纹饰最早出现在距今五千年前长江下游地区的良渚文化玉器上,山东龙山文化继承了这种纹饰。饕餮纹,本身就有浓厚的神秘色彩。《吕氏春秋·先识》篇内云:“周鼎著饕餮,有首无身,食人未咽,害及其身。”故此,一般把这种兽面纹称之为饕餮纹。饕餮纹在二里头夏文化中青铜器上已有了。商周两代的饕餮纹类型很多,有的像龙、像虎、像牛、像羊、像鹿;还有像鸟、像凤、像人的。西周时代,青铜器纹饰的神秘色彩逐渐减退。龙和凤,仍然是许多青铜器花纹的母题。可以说许多图案化的花纹,实际是从龙蛇、凤鸟两大类纹饰衍变而来的。蝉纹,是商代、西周常见的花纹,到了春秋,还有变形的蝉纹。春秋时代,螭龙纹盛行,逐渐占据了统治地位,把其他花纹差不多都挤掉了。中国青铜器还有一特点,就是迄今为止没有发现过任何肖像。不少的青铜器用人的面形作为装饰品,如人面方鼎、人面钺等,但这些人面都不是什么特定人物的面容。更多的器物是人的整体形象,如人形的灯或器座;或者以人的整体作为器物的一部分,如钟架有佩剑人形举手托住横梁,铜盘下有几个人形器足之类,这些人形大部分是男女侍从的装束,而且也不是特定婢奴的肖像。四川广汉三星堆出土的立体像、人头像,大小均超过正常人,均长耳突目,高鼻阔口,富于神秘色彩,应是神话人物。商周青铜器中数以万计的铜器留有铭文,这些文字,一般叫金文。对于历史学者而言起着证史、补史的作用。中国青铜器的铭文,文字以铸成者为多。凹入的字样,称为阴文,少数文字凸起,称阳文。商代和西周,可以说铭文都是铸成的,只有极个别用锋利的工具刻字的例子。西周晚期,开始出现完全是刻成的铭文。战国中期,大多数铭文已经是刻制的,连河北省平山中山王汉墓的三件极为典重的礼器,都是契刻而成,其刀法异常圆熟,有很高的艺术价值。中国古代青铜器的另一个突出特征是制作工艺的精巧绝伦,显示出古代匠师们巧夺天工的创造才能。用陶质的复合范浇铸制作青铜器的和范法,在中国古代得到充分的发展。陶范的选料塑模翻范,花纹刻制均极为考究,浑铸、分铸、铸接、叠铸技术非常成熟。随后发展出来无须分铸的失蜡法工艺技术,无疑是青铜铸造工艺的一大进步。古人认为青铜器极其牢固,铭文可以流传不朽,因此要长期流传的事项必须铸在青铜物之上。因此,铭文已成为今天研究古代历史的重要材料。在青铜器上加以镶嵌以增加美观,这种技术很早就出现了。镶嵌的材料,第一种是绿松石,这种绿色的宝石,至今仍应用在首饰上。第二种是玉,有玉援戈,玉叶的矛,玉刃的斧钺等。第三种陨铁,如铁刃铜钺,铁援铜刃,经鉴定,铁刃均为硕铁。第四种是嵌红铜,用红铜来组成兽形花纹。春秋战国时也有用金、银来镶嵌装饰的青铜器。青铜器的冶炼东周时代,冶铸技术发展较高,出现了制造青铜器的技术总结性文献《考工记》。书中对制作钟鼎、斧斤、弋戟等各种器物所用青铜中铜锡的比例做了详细的规定。由于战争频繁,兵器铸造得到了迅速发展。特别是吴、越的宝剑,异常锋利,名闻天下,出现了一些著名的铸剑的匠师,如干将,欧冶子等人。有的宝剑虽已在地下埋藏两千多年,但仍然可以切开成叠的纸张。越王勾践剑等一些剑,其表面经过一定的化学处理,形成防锈的菱形、鳞片形或火焰形的花纹,异常华丽。转变期铜(2张)转变时期一般指战国末年至秦汉末年这一时期。经过几百年的兼并战争及以富国、强兵为目的的政治、经济、文化改革,以郡县制取代分封制,具有中央集权性质的封建社会最终建立,传统的礼仪制度已彻底瓦解,铁制品已广泛使用。社会各领域均发生了翻天覆地的变化。青铜器在社会生活中的地位逐渐下降,器物大多日用化,但是具体到某些青铜器,精美的作品还是不少的。如在陕西临潼秦始皇陵掘获的两乘铜车马。第一乘驾四马,车上有棚,御者为坐状。这两乘车马均为青铜器铸件构成,大小与实际合乎比例,极其精巧。车马上还有不少金银饰件,通体施以彩绘。第二乘马,长3.17、高1.06米,可以说是迄今发掘到的形制巨大、结构又最复杂的青铜器。到了东汉末年,陶瓷器得到较大发展,在社会生活中的作用日益重要,从而把日用青铜器皿进一步从生活中排挤出去。至于兵器,工具等方面,这时铁器早已占了主导地位。隋唐时期的铜器主要是各类精美的铜镜,一般均有各种铭文。自此以后,青铜器除了铜镜外,可以说不再有什么发展了。理化性质播报编辑物理性质外观铜呈紫红色光泽的金属密度8.92克/立方厘米熔点1083.4℃沸点2567℃延展性很好导热和导电性能较好磁性抗磁性晶体类型面心立方结构电阻率1.75×10-8Ω·m声速(室温)3810(m/s)杨氏模量110-128GPa剪切模量48GPa泊松比0.34莫氏硬度3.0维氏硬度343–369MPa布氏硬度235–878MPa固态密度8.960g/cm³熔融液态密度8.920g/cm³比热容24.440J/(mol·K)汽化热300.4kJ/mol融化热13.26kJ/mol热导率401W/(m.K)膨胀系数(25°C)16.5µm/(m·K)化合价通常为+2,也有+1(3价铜仅在少数不稳定的化合物中出现,例如铜酸钾KCuO2)在地壳中的含量(ppm)50在太阳中的含量(ppm)0.7电离能7.726电子伏特焰色为绿色电解铜晶体(通过电解可以得到非常美丽的铜晶体)化学性质原子大小与结构电子层K-L-M-N电子层分布2-8-18-1电子排布式1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1原子半径128pm [5]范德华半径140pm与氧气的反应铜是不太活泼的重金属,在常温下不与干燥空气中的氧气化合,加热时能产生黑色的氧化铜:如果继续在很高温度下燃烧,就生成红色的Cu2O:与空气的反应(与O2、H2O、CO2反应)在潮湿的空气中放久后,铜表面会慢慢生成一层铜绿(碱式碳酸铜),铜绿可防止金属进一步腐蚀,其组成是可变的。或:与卤素的反应铜可与氯气在点燃条件下化合。与硫的反应加热时,铜与硫直接化合生成硫化亚铜(Cu2S):与氯化铁溶液反应在电子工业中,常用FeCl3溶液来刻蚀铜,以制造印刷线路。方程式:(或)与酸的反应与空气和稀酸反应在电位序(金属活动性顺序)中,铜族元素都在氢以后,所以不能置换稀酸中的氢。但当有空气存在时,铜可先被氧化成氧化铜,然后再与酸作用然后缓慢溶于这些稀酸中。方程式见下:与浓盐酸反应该反应符合置换反应。与氧化性酸反应铜会被硝酸、浓硫酸(需加热)等氧化性酸氧化而溶解: [3]催化剂铜能充当一些有机反应的催化剂,如酒精的催化氧化:同位素铜有29个同位素。Cu-63和Cu-65很稳定,它们的自旋量子数都为3/2。同位素丰度半衰期方式能量(MeV)产物63Cu69.15%稳定,带34个中子64Cu人造12.700小时ε-Niβ-Zn65Cu30.85%稳定,带36个中子67Cu人造61.83小时β-Zn制备播报编辑实验室常用还原剂(如氢气)还原氧化铜制得金属铜。如: 铜化合物播报编辑铜常见的价态是+1和+2。铜(I)铜(I)通常称为亚铜,氯化亚铜(CuCl)、氧化亚铜(Cu2O)、硫化亚铜(Cu2S)都是常见的一价铜化合物。[Cu(NH3)2]2-是亚铜和氨的配离子,无色,易被氧化,在酸性溶液中自行歧化,生成Cu(II)和Cu。铜(II)铜(II)是铜最常见的价态,它可以和绝大部分常见的阴离子形成盐,如众所周知的硫酸铜,存在白色的无水物和蓝色的五水合物。碱式碳酸铜,又称铜绿,有好几种组成形式。氯化铜和硝酸铜也是重要的铜盐。铜(II)可以形成一系列的配离子,如Cu(H2O)4(蓝色)、CuCl4(黄绿)、Cu(NH3)4(深蓝)等,它们的颜色也不尽相同。常见铜化合物硫酸铜(CuSO4)、醋酸铜((CH3COO)2Cu)、氧化铜(CuO)和氧化亚铜(Cu2O)、氯化铜(CuCl2)和氯化亚铜(CuCl)、硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2)、氰化铜(Cu(CN)2)、脂肪酸铜、环烷酸铜(C22H14CuO4)等。用途播报编辑铜作为内芯的导线铜是与人类关系非常密切的有色金属,被广泛地应用于电气、轻工、机械制造、建筑工业、国防工业等领域,在中国有色金属材料的消费中仅次于铝。铜是一种红色金属,同时也是一种绿色金属。说它是绿色金属,主要是因为它熔点较低,容易再熔化、再冶炼,因而回收利用相当地便宜。古代主要用于器皿、艺术品及武器铸造,比较有名的器皿及艺术品如后母戊鼎、四羊方尊。电器和电子市场电器和电子市场约占总数的28%。1997年,这两个市场成为铜消耗的第二大终端用户,拥有25%的市场份额。在许多电器产品(例如:电线、母线、变压器绕组、重型马达、电话线和电话电缆),铜的使用寿命都相当地长,只有经过20到50年以后,里面的铜才可以进行回收利用。其他含铜的电器和电子产品(比如:小型电器和消费电子产品)使用寿命则比较短,一般是5~10年。商业性电子产品和大型电器产品通常要回收的,因为它们除含有铜以外,还有其他珍贵的金属。尽管如此,小型的电子消费产品的回收率还是相当低的,因为它们里面几乎没有多少铜元素。随着电子领域科学技术的快速发展,一些陈旧的含铜产品越来越过时了。比如,在二十世纪80年代,电话转换站和中央营业所是铜和铜合金碎屑的主要来源,但是数字转换的出现使得这些笨重的、金属密集的东西变得越来越过时了。交通设备交通设备是铜的第三大市场,约占总数的13%,与二十世纪60年代基本相同。尽管交通的重要性没有改变,但是铜的使用形式却发生了很大的变化。许多年来,自动散热器是这方面最重要的终端用户;然而,铜在自动电器和电子产品中的使用飞速增长,而在热交换器市场中的使用则有所下降。小轿车的平均使用寿命是10-15年,几乎所有的铜(包括散热器和配线)都是在它的整体拆卸和回收前来进行回收的。 [1]工业机器和设备工业机器和设备是另外一个主要的应用市场,在当中铜往往有比较长的使用寿命。硬币和军火是这方面主要的终端用户。子弹很少回收,一些硬币可以熔化,而还有许多则由收藏者或储蓄者保存,不可以进行回收。 [1]在机械和运输车辆制造中,用于制造工业阀门和配件、仪表、滑动轴承、模具、热交换器和泵等。在化学工业中广泛应用于制造真空器、蒸馏锅、酿造锅等。在国防工业中用以制造子弹、炮弹、枪炮零件等,每生产300万发子弹,需用铜13~14吨。在建筑工业中,用作各种管道、管道配件、装饰器件等。医学医学中,铜的杀菌作用很早就被认知。自20世纪50年代以来,人们还发现铜有非常好的医学用途。后来,墨西哥科学家也发现铜有抗癌功能。新世纪,英国研究人员又发现,铜元素有很强的杀菌作用。相信不久的将来,铜元素将为提高人类健康水平做出巨大贡献。有机化学有机化学中,有机铜锂化合物是一类重要的金属有机化合物。合金铜的重要合金黄铜黄铜是铜与锌的合金,因色黄而得名。黄铜的机械性能和耐磨性能都很好,可用于制造精密仪器、船舶的零件、枪炮的弹壳等。黄铜敲起来声音好听,因此锣、钹、铃、号等乐器都是用黄铜制作的。航海黄铜铜与锌、锡的合金,抗海水侵蚀,可用来制作船的零件、平衡器。青铜铜与锡的合金叫青铜,因色青而得名。在古代为常用合金(如中国的青铜时代)。青铜一般具有较好的耐腐蚀性、耐磨性、铸造性和优良的机械性能。用于制造精密轴承、高压轴承、船舶上抗海水腐蚀的机械零件以及各种板材、管材、棒材等。青铜还有一个反常的特性——“热缩冷胀”,用来铸造塑像,冷却后膨胀,可以使眉目更清楚。磷青铜铜与锡、磷的合金,坚硬,可制弹簧。白铜白铜是铜与镍的合金,其色泽和银一样,银光闪闪,不易生锈。常用于制造硬币、电器、仪表和装饰品。18K金(玫瑰金)6/24的铜与18/24的金的合金。红黄色,硬度大,可用来制作首饰、装饰品。冶炼生产消费播报编辑铜矿石从铜矿中开采出来的铜矿石,经过选矿成为含铜品位较高的铜精矿或者说是铜矿砂,铜精矿需要经过冶炼提成,才能成为精铜及铜制品。最早的铜矿石来源是孔雀石。矿石的加工铜矿石的分类及属性:炼铜的原料是铜矿石。铜矿石可分为三类:分类示例硫化矿如黄铜矿(CuFeS2)、斑铜矿(Cu5FeS4)和辉铜矿(Cu2S)等。氧化矿如赤铜矿(Cu2O)、孔雀石[Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃]、蓝铜矿[2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2]、硅孔雀石(CuSiO3·2H2O)等。自然铜铜矿石中铜的含量在1%左右(0.5%~3%)的便有开采价值,因为采用浮选法可以把矿石中一部分脉石等杂质除去,而得到含铜量较高(8%~35%)的精矿砂。冶炼过程火法炼铜通过熔融冶炼和电解精火炼生产出阴极铜,也即电解铜,一般适于高品位的硫化铜矿。火法冶炼一般是先将含铜百分之几或千分之几的原矿石,通过选矿提高到20%~30%,作为铜精矿,在密闭鼓风炉、反射炉、电炉或闪速炉进行造锍熔炼,产出的熔锍(冰铜)接着送入转炉进行吹炼成粗铜,再在另一种反射炉内经过氧化精炼脱杂,或铸成阳极板进行电解,获得品位高达99.9%的电解铜。该流程简短、适应性强,铜的回收率可达95%,但因矿石中的硫在造锍和吹炼两阶段作为二氧化硫废气排出,不易回收,易造成污染。90年代出现如白银法、诺兰达法等熔池熔炼以及日本的三菱法等、火法冶炼逐渐向连续化、自动化发展。从铜矿石冶炼铜:以黄铜矿为例,首先把精矿砂、熔剂(石灰石、砂等)和燃料(焦炭、木炭或无烟煤)混合,投入“密闭”鼓风炉中,在1000℃左右进行熔炼。于是矿石中一部分硫成为SO₂(用于制硫酸),大部分的砷、锑等杂质成为As₂O₃、Sb₂O₃等挥发性物质而被除去:2CuFeS₂+O₂=Cu₂S+2FeS+SO₂↑。一部分铁的硫化物转变为氧化物:2FeS+3O₂=2FeO+2SO₂↑。Cu₂S跟剩余的FeS等便熔融在一起而形成“冰铜”(主要由Cu₂S和FeS互相溶解形成的,它的含铜率在20%~50%之间,含硫率在23%~27%之间),FeO跟SiO₂形成熔渣:FeO+SiO₂=FeSiO₃。熔渣浮在熔融冰铜的上面,容易分离,借以除去一部分杂质。然后把冰铜移入转炉中,加入熔剂(石英砂)后鼓入空气进行吹炼(1100~1300℃)。由于铁比铜对氧有较大的亲和力,而铜比铁对硫有较大的亲和力,因此冰铜中的FeS先转变为FeO,跟熔剂结合成渣,而后Cu₂S才转变为Cu₂O,Cu₂O跟Cu₂S反应生成粗铜(含铜量约为98.5%)。2Cu₂S+3O₂=2Cu₂O+2SO₂↑,2Cu₂O+Cu₂S=6Cu+SO₂↑,再把粗铜移入反射炉,加入熔剂(石英砂),通入空气,使粗铜中的杂质氧化,跟熔剂形成炉渣而除去。在杂质除到一定程度后,再喷入重油,由重油燃烧产生的一氧化碳等还原性气体使氧化亚铜在高温下还原为铜。得到的精铜约含铜99.7%。除了铜精矿之外,废铜作为精炼铜的主要原料之一,包括旧废铜和新废铜,旧废铜来自旧设备和旧机器,废弃的楼房和地下管道;新废铜来自加工厂弃掉的铜屑(铜材的产出比为50%左右),一般废铜供应较稳定,废铜可以分为:裸杂铜:品位在90%以上;黄杂铜(电线):含铜物料(旧马达、电路板);由废铜和其他类似材料生产出的铜,也称为再生铜。湿法炼铜一船适于低品位的氧化铜,生产出的精铜称为电积铜。现代湿法冶炼有硫酸化焙烧—浸出—电积,浸出—萃取—电积,细菌浸出等法,适于低品位复杂矿、氧化铜矿、含铜废矿石的堆浸、槽浸选用或就地浸出。湿法冶炼技术正在逐步推广,预计本世纪末可达总产量的20%,湿法冶炼的推出使铜的冶炼成本大大降低。国内现状铜冶炼行业是国民经济中的基础性行业,特别是我国正处于工业化阶段,对铜的需求保持高速增长,铜冶炼行业在国民经济中的地位将不断提高。世界分布世界铜矿资源比较丰富。铜不难从它的矿石中提取,但可开采的矿藏相对稀少。有些,如在瑞典法伦的铜矿,从13世纪开始,曾是巨大财富的来源。一种提取这种金属的方法是烘烤硫化矿石,然后用水分离出其形成的硫酸铜。之后流淌过铁屑表面铜就会沉淀,形成的薄层很容易分离。世界上已探明的铜约为3.5~5.7亿吨,其中斑岩铜矿约占全部总量的76%。从地区分布看,全球铜蕴藏量最丰富的地区共有五个:非洲:刚果卢伊卢(科卢韦齐)、希图鲁、赞比亚卢安夏和巴利巴、穆富利拉、恩昌加TLP、恩卡纳(罗卡纳)。亚洲:中国白银(金川)/甘肃、山东/阳谷祥光铜业大冶、贵溪、葫芦岛、金昌、上海、天津、云南、印度伯尔拉铜(代海伊)、杜蒂戈林、伊朗萨尔切什梅、日本别子/爱媛(东予冶炼厂)、小坂(秋田)直岛(香川)、小名滨(福岛)、佐贺关(大分)、玉野(冈山)、哈萨克斯坦巴尔卡什米斯、杰兹卡兹甘冶炼厂、韩国温山冶炼厂Ⅰ、温山冶炼厂Ⅱ、菲律宾伊莎贝尔/莱特(菲律宾熔炼与精炼协会)、乌兹别克斯坦阿尔马雷克冶炼厂。欧洲:奥地利布里克斯莱格比利时贝尔瑟;霍博肯、UM皮尔多普芬兰哈尔亚瓦尔塔德国汉堡、黑特施泰、吕嫩Lunen170、意大利波代马格拉、波兰格沃古夫Ⅰ、格沃古夫Ⅱ、莱格尼察冶炼厂、罗马尼亚兹拉特纳冶炼厂、俄罗斯基洛夫格拉德(卡拉塔)、克拉斯诺乌拉尔斯克冶炼厂、纳杰日金斯基、诺里尔斯克冶炼厂、中乌拉尔斯克冶炼厂、西班牙韦尔瓦、瑞典伦岛、英国沃尔索尔、南斯拉夫博尔。 [2]消费国单位:千吨美国1986.61664.21276.72057.8日本1127.11243.01276.61613.2德国894.9847.8970.1994.8前苏联1290.01320.01270.0880.0中国346.0398.0470.0590.0法国326.1419.0399.0481.2意大利326.0342.0420.0470.7比利时295.4277.1291.8372.0韩国53.2131.9259.0343.2英国512.2355.4327.7269.4十大国消费量7157.56998.47810.98072.3全球消费量9059.99033.110413.610714.0十大产国年产量(千吨)国名1977198219871992智利1056.51242.21412.91940.0美国1346.81147.01243.61760.5加拿大780.9612.4794.1764.2赞比亚656.2574.5463.2440.0波兰284.8376.0438.0387.0中国99.8175.0250.0375.0俄罗斯853.0560.0630.0375.0秘鲁350.1353.8417.6368.1哈萨克---350.0澳洲220.0245.3232.7326.0十国小计5666.15286.25882.17085.8全球总计7716.47622.38306.39289.6与人体健康播报编辑简介铜的离子(铜质)对生物而言,不论是动物或植物,是必需的元素。人体缺乏铜会引起贫血,毛发异常,骨和动脉异常,以至脑障碍。但如过剩,会引起肝硬化、腹泻、呕吐、运动障碍和知觉神经障碍。一般来说,牛肉、葵花籽、可可、黑椒、羊肝等等都有丰富的铜质。铜是人体必需的微量矿物质,在摄入后15分钟即可进入血液中,同时存在于红血球内外,可帮助铁质传递蛋白,在血红素形成过程中扮演催化的重要角色。而且在食物烹饪过程中,铜元素不易被破坏掉。铜广泛分布于生物组织中,大部分以有机复合物存在,很多是金属蛋白,以酶的形式起着功能作用。每个含铜蛋白的酶都有它清楚的生理生化作用,生物系统中许多涉及氧的电子传递和氧化还原反应都是由含铜酶催化的,这些酶对生命过程都是至关重要的。当然,铜作为重金属,摄入过量也会有危害。铜离子会使蛋白质变性。如硫酸铜对胃肠道有刺激作用,误服引起恶心、呕吐、口内有铜性味、胃烧灼感。严重者有腹绞痛、呕血、黑便。可造成严重肾损害和溶血,出现黄疸、贫血、肝大、血红蛋白尿、急性肾功能衰竭和尿毒症。对眼和皮肤有刺激性。长期接触可发生接触性皮炎和鼻、眼黏膜刺激并出现胃肠道症状。人体的需求量成年人每天需要铜0.05~2毫克,孕、产妇和青、少年(少年食品)的需要量还要多些。足月生下的婴儿体内含铜量约为16毫克,按单位体重比成年人要高得多,其中约70%集中在肝中,由此可见,胎儿的肝是含铜量极高的器官。从妊娠开始,胎儿体内的含铜量就急剧增加,约从妊娠的第200天到出生,铜含量约增加4倍。因此,妊娠后期是胎儿吸收铜最多的时期,早产儿易患缺铜症就是这个原因。孕妇体内铜的浓度在妊娠过程中逐渐上升,这可能与胎儿长大体内雌激素水平增加有关。正常情况下,孕妇不需要额外补充铜剂,铜过量可产生致畸作用。中国营养学会没有制定每日膳食中铜的需要量,但制定了每日铜的“安全和适宜的摄入量”,半岁前婴儿每天需0.5~0.7毫克,半岁至1岁每天0.7~1.0毫克,1岁以上每天1.0~1.5毫克,4岁以上每天1.5~2.0毫克,7岁以上每天2.0~2.5毫克,11岁以上至青年、成年,均为每天2.0~3.0毫克。这个摄入量与美国科学研究委员会制定的“估计每日饮食中安全充足的铜摄取量”相当。铜与人体健康关系密切。人体每天都要摄入各种微量元素,铜是人体不能缺少的金属元素之一。成年人体内,1千克体重中,铜含量大约为1.4mg~2.1mg;血液中铜的含量约为1.0mg~1.5mg。这一数量虽小,但它对于维持身体健康和器官的正常运行却不可缺少。这是因为铜元素在机体运行中具有特殊的作用。铜是机体内蛋白质和酶的重要组成部分,许多重要的酶需要微量铜的参与和活化。例如,铜可以催化血红蛋白的合成。研究表明,缺铜会导致血浆胆固醇升高,增加动脉粥样硬化的危险,因而是引发冠状动脉心脏病的重要因素。科学家还发现,营养性贫血、白癜风、骨质疏松症、胃癌及食道癌等疾病的产生也都与人体缺铜有关。严重缺铜和长期边缘性缺铜,还会引发小儿发育不良和一些地方病。吸收与排泄吸收吸收率30%~40%。胃、十二指肠和小肠上部是铜的主要吸收部位,其肠吸收是主动吸收过程。膜内外铜离子的转运体为ATP酶,依靠天冬氨酸残基磷酸化供能,能将主动吸收的铜与门静脉侧支循环中的白蛋白结合,运至肝脏进一步参与代谢。排泄铜主要通过胆汁排泄,胆汁中含有低分子和高分子量的铜结合化合物,前者多存在肝胆汁中,后者则多在胆囊胆汁中。铜可以通过溶酶体的胞吐作用或ATP酶的铜转移作用而进入胆汁内,胆汁中的铜也可以是肝细胞溶酶体对存在于胆汁中铜结合蛋白分解的结果。血浆中铜大多与铜蓝蛋白结合或存在于肾细胞内,很少滤过肾小球,正常情况下尿液中含铜量甚微。当铜的排泄、存储和铜蓝蛋白合成失衡时会出现铜尿。在人体的作用铜是人体健康不可缺少的微量营养素,对于血液、中枢神经和免疫系统,头发、皮肤和骨骼组织以及脑子和肝、心等内脏的发育和功能有重要影响。铜主要从日常饮食中摄入。世界卫生组织建议,为了维持健康,成人每公斤体重每天应摄入0.03毫克铜。孕妇和婴幼儿应加倍。缺铜会引起各种疾病,可以服用含铜补剂和药丸来加以补充。铜在人体内含量约100~150mg,血清铜正常值100~120μg/dl,是人体中含量位居第二的必需微量元素。含铜的酶有酪氨酸酶、单胺氧化酶、超氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、血铜蓝蛋白等。铜对血红蛋白的形成起活化作用,促进铁的吸收和利用,在传递电子、弹性蛋白的合成、结缔组织的代谢、嘌呤代谢、磷脂及神经组织形成方面有重要意义。铜缺乏可引起如下疾病:1.贫血一般最常见的临床表现为头晕、乏力、易倦、耳鸣、眼花。皮肤黏膜及指甲等颜色苍白,体力活动后感觉气促、心悸。严重贫血时,即使在休息时也出现气短和心悸,在心尖和心底部可听到柔和的收缩期杂音。2.骨骼改变。临床表现为骨质疏松,易发生骨折。3.铜与冠心病。4.铜与白癜风病。5.女性不孕症。1.缺铜会使神经系统的抑制过程失调,使神经系统处于兴奋状态而导致失眠,久而久之可发生神经衰弱。人体缺铜可适量增加摄入含铜较高的食物,如口蘑、海米、红茶、花茶、砖茶、榛子、葵花子、芝麻酱、西瓜子、绿茶、核桃、黑胡椒、可可、肝、豆制品等。铜离子可以消毒杀菌、卫生防疫。例如:可以杀灭易于在水中滋生的大肠杆菌和痢疾等病菌,清除水中传播血吸虫病的蛞蝓和螺等软体动物,以及传播疟疾的蚊子幼虫等疾病携带体。它还可以应用在游泳池内,防止绿藻污染和通过地板传染足癣等等。铜是人体内一种必需的微量元素,在人体的新陈代谢过程中起着重要的作用。1.大脑的“益友”铜与锌、铁等一样都是大脑神经递质的重要成分。如果摄取不足可致神经系统失调,大脑功能会发生障碍。铜缺乏将使脑细胞中的色素氧化酶减少,活力下降,从而使记忆衰退、思维紊乱、反应迟钝,甚至步态不稳、运动失常等。要有一副健康灵活的大脑,是离不开铜元素这个益友的。2.心脏的“卫士 当人们将心脏病的原因单纯归咎于脂肪、高胆固醇饮食时,美国科学家提醒人们:绝对不可忽视铜元素的缺乏。铜元素在人体内参与多种金属酶的合成,其中的氧化酶是构成心脏血管的基质胶原和弹性蛋白形成过程中必不可少的物质,而胶原又是将心血管的肌细胞牢固地连接起来的纤维成分,弹性蛋白则具有促使心脏和血管壁保持弹性之功能。因此,铜元素一旦缺乏,此类酶的合成减少,心血管就无法维持正常的形态和功能,从而给冠心病入侵以可乘之机。3.造血的“助手”众所周知,铁是人体造血的重要原料,但铁元素要成为红血球中的一部分,必须依靠铜元素的帮忙。奥妙在于血红蛋白中的铁是三价铁离子,而来源于食物中的乃是二价铁离子,二价铁离子要转化成三价铁离子,有赖于含铜的活性物质——血浆铜蓝蛋白的氧化作用。如果体内缺铜,血浆铜蓝蛋白的浓度势必降低,从而导致铁难以转化而诱发贫血症。4.助孕的“新星”育龄女性要怀孕也离不开铜。据产科医生研究,妇女缺铜就难以受孕,即使受孕也会因缺铜而削弱羊膜的厚度和韧性,导致羊膜早破,引起流产或胎儿感染。故女性要想出一个健康聪明的小宝贝,也须借助铜元素的一臂之力。5.抗衰老的“能手”人体的衰老是因为体内的自由基的代谢废物起着相当大的作用,又是多种老年疾病的祸根。其中的羟自由基,毒性最强,不但会通过脂质过氧化反应损害细胞膜,而且会破坏细胞核的遗传物质,导致细胞死亡。此外,还可使许多重要酶的活性降低甚至消失。研究表明,含铜的金属硫蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶等具有较强的清扫此种代谢废物的功能,保护人体细胞不受其害,可见铜元素在抗衰老中有举足轻重的地位。即可收到良好的效果。实验证明,人体摄入足够的铜,可在侵入人体的流感病毒表面聚集较多的铜离子,从而为维生素攻击流感病毒提供有效的“靶子”。维生素C与病毒表面的铜离子发生作用,构成一种可以分离的含有活性氧离子的不稳定化合物,促使含有蛋白质的病毒表面发生破裂,进而置病毒于死地。为此,专家将维生素C与铜元素称为一对防治流感的最佳“搭档”。6.防治白发的“灵丹”人的头发为何早白?体内缺铜是一个重要原因。缺铜可使人体内的酪氨酸酶的形成困难,导致酪氨酸转变成多巴的过程受阻。多巴为多巴胺的前体,而多巴胺又是黑色素的中间产物,最终妨碍黑色素的合成,遂引起头发变白。欲求黑发不衰,补足铜元素是有效的一招。如何补铜呢?增加富含铜元素的食物,如动物肝脏、虾、豆类、鲜肉、果仁等。铜是人体不可缺少的微量元素。成人体内一般含铜70~100mg,平均每千克体重含铜1.9~2.1mg。铜存在于人们的所有器官和组织中,通常与蛋白质或其他有机物结合,而不以自由铜离子的形式存在。肝脏是储存铜的仓库,含铜量最高。脑和心脏也含有较多的铜。健康人血液中的铜含量1.1~1.5mg/L,它随着年龄、运动和健康而发生变化。铜是机体内蛋白质和酶的重要组分,如铜蓝蛋白、细胞色素、C氧化酶等。许多关键的酶,需要钢的参与和活化,对机体的代谢过程产生作用,促进人体的许多功能。这就是为什么这么微量的铜,会对生命产生至关重要作用的主要原因。例如:它有助于提供机体生物化学过程所需的能量;帮助形成血液中的血红素,影响皮肤色素的形成;促进在骨胶原及弹性蛋白中形成交联,保持和恢复结缔组织;参与葡萄糖和胆固醇的代谢过程;影响头发、皮肤、骨骼、大脑的发育,以及心脏、肝脏、中枢神经和免疫系统的功能等。此外,某些含铜的药剂有消炎和治疗关节炎的作用,并已在一些国家得到应用。长期以来人们得出这样的经验,配戴铜具有治疗关节炎的作用。这可能是由于汗水溶解的微量钢经皮肤而被人体吸收的结果。铜在放射科和治疗痉挛、癫痫和痛风上的应用也正在研究中。缺铜有碍人体健康,长时间边缘性缺铜的影响是潜移默化的。它会引起婴幼儿发育不良。此外,在我国以及印度、坦桑尼亚、南非等地发现了膝盖弯曲的“膝外翻症”,这是缺铜的一种典型症状。分析表明畸形骨骼中的铜含量显著低于正常值。值得注意的是,最近的研究发现,缺铜是增加冠心病发病率的一个因素!冠心病是由于血液中过高的冠状动脉管壁上沉积,造成堵塞(动脉粥样硬化),从而引起心脏供血不足的一种常见的心脏病。脂肪的代谢过程对铜很敏感。对大鼠的试验表明,缺铜会显著升高血浆胆固醇,改变胆固醇与脂蛋白的结合形式,增加动脉粥样硬化的危险。还发现缺铜会引起大鼠的心脏生理发生异常,它与人类冠心病的某些病症相似,这就更证实了缺铜与冠心病之间的联系。铜对人体的潜在毒性很轻,只有当摄入量大大超过了正常值时,方会引起胃肠紊乱等不良反应。研究结果表明,当成年男子和女子每天摄入量分别超过12mg和10mg时,会对人体生物化学过程产生轻微的影响。鉴于铜的潜在毒性较低,相反地它却是人体健康不可缺少的元素,世界卫生组织的专家组已作出结论,缺铜的危害远比铜的毒性大得多。除了某些罕见的遗传外,人们主要防止的是缺铜。要充分保证膳食中有足够的铜,以满足身体的需要。对欧美发达国家膳食结构中含铜量的调查结果,已为防止缺铜敲起了警钟。实际上,许多人已在服用含铜片剂来补充营养。哪些人应特别注意对铜的摄入:①孕妇、婴儿和儿童他(她)们需要摄入较多的铜。保持体内钢的平衡是决定胎儿和婴儿成长快慢的一个主要因素,应特别关注。②膳食不正常的人群贫困地区营养不良的居民,生活难以自理(主要是老年人和残疾人)或有偏食习惯的人群,他们的膳食结构往往不合理容易由于缺铜而影响健康。③某些病人慢性肝炎的患者,定期接受血液透析以及长期依赖输液代替或补充进食的病人,应对他们的铜摄入量进行监测。此外,某些患有代谢异常的病人也应该注意缺铜的潜在影响。④严重铜代谢异常的遗传病人铜的食物来源在人的血液中,铜是铁的“助手”。铜的吸收部位主要是胃和小肠上部。铜在肠中被吸收后进人血液中,80%的结合成血浆铜蓝蛋白。铜在血红蛋白形成中的作用,一般认为是促进对肠道铁(铁食品)的吸收和从肝及网状内皮系统的贮藏中使它释放出来,故铜对于血红蛋白的形成起着重要作用。从食品商品化的角度来看,少量的铜对产品质量的影响主要是在食油(油食品)及含不饱和脂肪的食品中,铜离子实际上起着催化剂的作用,造成食品酸败、变色和其他一些反应。这些影响尽管使产品在外观上不受人欢迎,但通常并不会引起中毒和降低食品的营养价值。食物中铜的丰富来源有口蘑、海米、红茶、花茶、砖茶、榛子、葵花子、芝麻酱、西瓜子、绿茶、核桃、黑胡椒、可可、肝等。良好来源有蟹肉、蚕豆、蘑菇(鲜)、青豆、小茴香、黑芝麻、大豆制品、松子、龙虾、绿豆、花生米、黄豆、土豆粉、紫菜、莲子、芸豆、香菇(香菇食品)、毛豆、面筋、果丹皮、茴香、豌豆、黄酱、金铁菜、燕麦片、栗子、坚果、黄豆粉和小麦胚芽。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

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为什么铜牌的英文用的是 Bronze 而非 Copper? - 知乎

为什么铜牌的英文用的是 Bronze 而非 Copper? - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答​切换模式登录/注册化学材料冶金为什么铜牌的英文用的是 Bronze 而非 Copper?关注者58被浏览95,448关注问题​写回答​邀请回答​好问题 1​2 条评论​分享​7 个回答默认排序好大的风​科研等 2 个话题下的优秀答主​ 关注好看一点的排版见:为什么铜牌叫bronze而不是copper?奥运会铜牌的英文为什么叫做bronze medal,而不是copper medal?你的第一反应可能是,bronze是青铜,而copper是纯的单质铜。奥运会铜牌用的就是青铜,而非纯铜,理由有xxxxxx,因此用bronze medal更为准确。嗯……事实上,从成分上来说,铜牌的材质既不是青铜bronze,也不是纯铜copper,而更接近于黄铜brass。这就很有趣了。奖牌的成分下面这张图揭示了2016年里约奥运会奖牌的具体化学成分。可以看出,铜牌的化学成分包括95%的铜和5%的锌。这是一种典型的黄铜。当然了,有些年份会加上一点锡和铅,而铜锡合金则是青铜,这个我们后面再说。但至少从这里我们能看出来,奥运会的铜牌,用的确实是黄铜,而非叫名称当中的青铜。(来源:http://www.compoundchem.com/2016/08/15/olympic-medals/)顺便说一句,金牌的组成包括98.8%的银和1.2%的金。是不是觉得被骗了?金牌其实应该称作镀金的银牌。500g的金牌当中只含有6g的金,这还是奥委会规定的最低质量,让它勉强可以算是一块gold medal而非golden medal。银牌还算比较实诚,是由纯银打造的。奥委会要求最低纯度92.5%,意思就是省钱也不要太过分了。不过讲道理,银还是挺便宜的xD。奖牌的历史值得一提的是,金银铜的奖牌规则并非从一开始就被采用。在1896年第一届雅典奥运会中,冠军拿到的是一枚银牌和一支橄榄枝,而亚军则拿到了一枚铜牌和一支月桂枝。国际奥林匹克的官网上这里用的是copper,而维基百科当中却有一个小注释,表示英文的文献中写的是bronze,而德文的文献中反而是copper。(来源:https://www.olympic.org/Athens-1896#medals)如果官网的表述没错的话,第一届奥运会当中确实没有用到青铜。这还是挺有意思的一个发现。至于为什么没有金牌,有人说是雅典人觉得金子俗气,嗯……不管你信不信,反正我是信了。第二届巴黎奥运会办的比较随意,奖牌比较奇葩,是方形的,这里就不多说了。而第三届圣路易斯的奥运会,则确立了冠亚季金银铜的奖牌制度,用的就是青铜bronze。而这一制度,也一直被沿用到今天。那么问题来了,究竟是为什么要改用(或者说,改称)青铜?青铜时代青铜对人类文明的意义无需赘述。五千年前的人类在纯铜中加入锡和其它金属,制造出的青铜合金拥有比纯铜好得多的硬度、强度和可塑性。作为一种优良的生产和生活工具,青铜极大的推动了人类文明的发展,也在人类的历史文化中留下了不可磨灭的烙印。(古希腊青铜像,来源wikipedia)早在公元前8世纪,奥林匹克发源地古希腊诗人赫西俄德(Hesiod)就按照神与人的关系,将人类历史划分为了五个时代:黄金时代(The Golden Age),最初完美的人类和奥林匹斯众神生活在一起;白银时代(The Silver Age),人类开始互相战争,最终被宙斯毁灭;青铜时代(The Bronze Age),宙斯创造了新的人类,最终死于大洪水。后面还有短暂的英雄时代和最终的铁器时代。在此不多做展开。黄金/白银/青铜的分级从此被广泛采用,影响了无数的后人。诸如信用卡的等级,游戏里面的段位,等都采用了这样的分级。许多上面还有铂金和钻石,讲道理钻石不算金属,是不是有些赖皮?很多作家也以此为书名创作出了优秀的作品。因此,从历史和文化的角度来说,铜牌叫做青铜,也算是实至名归。顺便说一句,英雄联盟中最低的段位官方叫法其实是黄铜,然而大家还是习惯性的称为青铜,英文版用的也是bronze。某种角度来说……也算是挺死理性派的?黄铜vs青铜那么最后一个问题就是,青铜万般好,为什么还要用黄铜,口嫌体正直吗?以下是只是我个人的一些推论,并不一定正确。既然随着我国综合实力的上涨,现在每次奥运会吃瓜群众都只关心金牌了,但是对于一些小国家来说,每年拿到一块铜牌也是挺不容易的。但作为一个奖牌,铜牌也是有它的尊严的(什么鬼),总不能领完就丢垃圾桶,需要考虑保存的问题。相比于纯铜,黄铜和青铜硬度都更高,不会那么容易被咬出牙印(什么鬼),图案不容易被磨损,明显更适合用作奖牌。而青铜和黄铜对比,铜锌合金的黄铜要比铜锡合金的青铜韧性更好,虽然软一些但不那么脆,不会掉地上就摔断了。更重要的是,铜锌合金的的耐腐蚀性要高很多,看看那些出土的青铜器都锈成什么样了。毕竟奥运会奖牌是要放在博物馆里很多年的,青铜可能并不是一个很好的选择。此外我个人还有一个想法,或许选择黄铜在颜色上也是有考虑的。黄铜的颜色跟金比较接近,古代用来假冒黄金,只是稍微黯淡一些,没那么亮灿灿的;白铜(铜镍合金)太白,没有特色且容易和银牌混淆;纯铜(copper)的紫红色太过鲜艳,有些抢了金牌的气势;青铜由于容易发黑腐蚀,颜色也不那么好看。因此,综上考虑,采用也就是黄铜作为奖牌的真实组分,是比较合理的选择。(不同材质的颜色,来源wikipedia)上图从左到右分别为铜,黄铜,青铜,和生锈的青铜。单纯从观感的角度来看,还是黄铜比较适合当奖牌吧?顺便说一句,我在找图的过程中发现,同样是青铜器,中国出图的青铜器普遍比古希腊要锈蚀的多。这或许和具体的成分有关,后面有机会再研究研究。尾声金银的材质柔软,容易获得,性质稳定,有光泽,很早就被古代的人类用作货币和装饰。但青铜和它们不一样。青铜并不像金银那么稀有,但同时它也不像金银那样性质稳定,自然界中唾手可得,而是人类通过高温冶炼出来出来的一种人工的材料。它没有金银好看,但它硬度高。作为当时最硬的金属材料,青铜器件可以被打造成各种生活和生产工具,用来砍树,用来钻孔,用来打猎,用来改造自然,和大自然作斗争。或许,这正是青铜所要传达的精神吧。(题图和尾图:青铜时代。来源维基百科)所以下次不要再说青铜段位的菜了!编辑于 2018-05-01 12:04​赞同 469​​56 条评论​分享​收藏​喜欢收起​Exploder​ 关注我印象中,bronze是青铜合金,copper是较纯的铜。以前做奖牌应该用的是青铜吧?编辑于 2018-05-01 10:04​赞同​​2 条评论​分享​收藏​喜欢

COPPER中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典

COPPER中文(简体)翻译:剑桥词典

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copper 在英语-中文(简体)词典中的翻译

coppernoun uk

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/ˈkɒp.ər/ us

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/ˈkɑː.pɚ/

copper noun

(METAL)

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B2 [ U ] (symbol Cu) a chemical element that is a reddish-brown metal, used especially for making wire and coins

copper wire/pipes

铜丝/管

a copper alloy

铜合金

[ U ] the reddish-brown colour of the metal copper

红棕色,紫铜色

The copper of Rosie's hair shone in the sunlight.

罗茜的头发在阳光下闪着红褐色。

[ C usually plural ] UK informal a brown coin of low value

铜板,铜币

I gave him a few coppers.

我给了他几个铜板。

更多范例减少例句The downward drift in copper prices looks set to continue.Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.Chemical analysis revealed a high content of copper.They mine a lot of copper around these parts.One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.

copper noun

(POLICE)

[ C ] UK informal a

police officer

警察

copper adjective uk

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us

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of the reddish-brown colour of the metal copper

红棕色的,紫铜色的

(copper在剑桥英语-中文(简体)词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)

copper的例句

copper

For example erosion-corrosion resistant stainless steels may be used and operated in domestic plumbing systems at flow rates greater than is feasible in copper pipes.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

Considerable amounts of rubbish remained at the soil surface, including crushed lead batteries, copper artefacts, used food cans, and building materials.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

A thin vacuum gap separates the cobalt and copper foils from each other and thus electrons are held back by self-generated fields.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The only monetary metal produced domestically was copper.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The electrical pulses are directed through a copper coil, shaped in a figure eight, which is placed against the human's scalp.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

A bill based on the weight of the copper (and later zinc), and hence the amount of electricity used, was sent to the household.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

In the first three years of the mint's existence only $453,511 was issued in gold, silver and copper coin.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

The facade tiles were attached to the columns from the inside with copper wire.

来自 Cambridge English Corpus

示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。

B2

copper的翻译

中文(繁体)

金屬, 銅, 紅棕色,紫銅色…

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cobre, poli, cobre [masculine]…

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cobre, tira, policial…

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cuivre [masculine], couleur [feminine] cuivre, cuivré/-ée…

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coure…

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koper, kopergeld, koperen…

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சிவப்பு-பழுப்பு உலோகமாக இருக்கும் ஒரு வேதியியல் உறுப்பு, குறிப்பாக கம்பி மற்றும் நாணயங்களை தயாரிக்க பயன்படுகிறது…

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kobber, småpenge, småmønter…

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koppar, kopparmynt, koppar-…

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tembaga, syiling tembaga, paip tembaga…

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das Kupfer, die Kupfermünze, kupfern…

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kobber [neuter], kobberfarget, kobber…

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تانبہ…

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мідь, мідна монета, мідний…

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медь, медная монета, полицейский…

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రాగి, ఎరుపు-గోధుమ రంగు లోహం, ప్రత్యేకించి తీగలు మరియు నాణేల తయారీకి ఉపయోగించే రసాయన మూలకం…

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তামা, বিশেষত তার এবং মুদ্রা তৈরিতে ব্যবহার করা হয় যে লালচে-বাদামি ধাতু…

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měď, měďák, měděný…

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tembaga, uang tembaga, dari tembaga…

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ทองแดง, เหรียญทองแดง, ทำจากทองแดง…

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đồng, đồng xu, làm bằng đồng…

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rame, spicciolo, di rame…

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copper的发音是什么?

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coplanar

copolymer

copolymerization

copolymerize

copper

copper beech

copper sulphate

copper-bottomed

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copper更多的中文(简体)翻译

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copper beech

copper-bottomed

copper sulphate

copper, at cop

copper sulfate, at copper sulphate

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“每日一词”

veggie burger

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɜː.ɡər/

US

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/ˈvedʒ.i ˌbɝː.ɡɚ/

a type of food similar to a hamburger but made without meat, by pressing together small pieces of vegetables, seeds, etc. into a flat, round shape

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英语-中文(简体) 

 

Noun 

copper (METAL)

copper (POLICE)

Adjective 

copper

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Copper

中文名称:铜,英文名称:Copper,元素符号是Cu,元素周期表中原子序数29,原子量63.546,是IB族金属。密度8.92g/cm³,熔点1083.4±0.2℃,沸点2567℃,铜是一种呈紫红色光泽的金属,稍硬,极坚韧,耐磨损,有很好的延展性、较好导热性、导电性和耐腐蚀能力。铜及其合金在干燥的空气里很稳定,但在潮湿的空气里其表面会生成一层绿色的碱式碳酸铜Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃,俗称铜绿。自然界中的铜被分为自然铜、氧化铜矿和硫化铜矿。常见化合物有:氢氧化铜、氧化铜和硫酸铜。由于铜在自然界储量非常丰富,性能优良,且加工方便,在中国有色金属材料的消费中仅次于铝,被广泛地应用于电气、机械制造、建筑工业、交通运输等领域。

金属之最铜是人类最早发现的金属之一,也是人类最早开始使用的金属。

铜的历史及行业发展

在我国,4000年前的夏朝已经开始使用红铜(锻锤出来的天然铜)。1957年和1959年两次在甘肃武威皇娘娘台的遗址发掘出铜器近20件,经分析,铜器中铜含量高达99.63%~99.87%,均为纯铜。而纯铜,在古代虽然可开采的矿藏相对稀少,但并不难提取...

铜的应用

铜是与人类关系非常密切的有色金属,不仅在自然界资源丰富,且具有较优良的导电性、导热性、延展性、耐腐蚀性、耐磨性等优良性质,被广泛地应用于电力、电子、能源及石化、交通、机械及冶金、轻工、新兴产业及等领域,在我国有色金属材料的消费中仅次于铝...

铜的冶炼及分类

从铜矿中开采出来的铜矿石,经过选矿成为含铜品位较高的铜精矿或者说是铜矿砂,铜精矿需要经过冶炼提成,才能成为精铜及铜制品。工业上使用的铜有电解铜(含铜99.9%~99.95%)和精铜(含铜99.0%~99.7%)两种。前者用于电器工业上,用于制造特种合金、金属丝及电线。后者用于制造其他合金、铜管、铜板、轴等...

再生铜行业发展

随着全球铜工业的不断发展,对于原料的需求也逐渐增加,供需矛盾越来越突出,矿石原料供应日渐紧张,越来越多的企业将目光转移到到再生铜。从含铜废杂物料中回收利用铜而得到含铜的产品称为再生铜。在铜及其合金的生产、加工和消费过程中所产生的废品、边角屑末、废仪器设备部件等,均为再生铜的生产原料...

铜对人体健康的影响

铜是人体健康不可缺少的微量营养素,对于血液、中枢神经和免疫系统,头发、皮肤和骨骼组织以及大脑、肝和心等内脏的发育和功能有重要影响。铜主要从日常饮食中摄入。世界卫生组织建议,为了维持健康,成人每公斤体重每天应摄入0.03毫克铜...

铜的资源分布及产量

铜在地壳中的含量约为0.01%,在个别铜矿床中,铜的含量可以达到3%~5%。自然界中的铜,多以化合物即铜矿物存在。2014年美国地质调查局对全球铜矿床进行了评估,发现已探明铜资源中含铜量约为21亿吨,待勘探的资源预计含铜35亿吨...

铜的行业标准

加快铜工业结构调整,建立统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系,规范企业生产经营秩序,促进行业持续健康协调发展,依据相关产业政策和规划,2014将《铜行业准入条件(2006年)》修订为《铜冶炼行业规范条件》...

铜行业协会及国内外名企

国际铜业协会、中国有色金属工业协会-铜业协会、国际铜业研究组织;智利Codelco铜业公司、美国自由港迈克墨伦铜金矿公司、澳大利亚必和必拓公司、江铜集团、铜陵有色、云南铜业、金川集团...

铜行业新闻

智利铜矿罢工频繁、自由港公司18亿美元出售智利铜矿权益、力拓拟为投资奥尤陶勒盖铜金矿筹资60亿美元、汉能铜铟镓硒技术实现突破、受税收纠纷影响 赞比亚2015年铜产量将下降、赞比亚政府出售国有铜矿股权...

目 录

 

 

介绍

 

历史发展

 

应用

 

生产工艺

 

资源

 

再生产业

 

健康影响

 

行业标准

 

名企

 

推荐

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

|

 

 

 

基本介绍

 

铜的发现及行业发展

 

铜的用途和应用领域

 

铜的冶炼及分类

 

铜资源储量分布和产量

 

再生铜产业发展

 

铜对人体健康的影响

 

铜行业标准

 

铜行业协会和国内外名企

 

推荐阅读:铜行业要闻

参考资料

1. 我国铜矿消费状况分析 天拓咨询

2. Copper 美国地质调查局

3. 2013年秘鲁铜产量位居世界第三 驻秘鲁经商参处

4. 缺铜对身体的危害 美食杰



 

 



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Copper - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table

Copper

- Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table

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Glossary

Allotropes

Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Each allotrope has different physical properties.

For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below.

< Move to Nickel

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Copper

Discovery date

Prehistoric 

Discovered by

Origin of the name

The name is derived from the Old English name 'coper' in turn derived from the Latin 'Cyprium aes', meaning a metal from Cyprus 

Allotropes

 

Cu

Copper

 

29

63.546

 

 

Glossary

Group

A vertical column in the periodic table. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.

Period

A horizontal row in the periodic table. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right.

Block

Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f).

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom.

Electron configuration

The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas.

Melting point

The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs.

Boiling point

The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.

Density (g cm−3)

Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature.

Relative atomic mass

The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

CAS number

The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems.

Fact box

Fact box

Group

11 

Melting point

1084.62°C, 1984.32°F, 1357.77 K 

Period

Boiling point

2560°C, 4640°F, 2833 K 

Block

Density (g cm−3)

8.96 

Atomic number

29 

Relative atomic mass

63.546

 

State at 20°C

Solid 

Key isotopes

63Cu 

Electron configuration

[Ar] 3d104s1 

CAS number

7440-50-8 

ChemSpider ID

22414

ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database

 

Glossary

Image explanation

Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture.

Appearance

The description of the element in its natural form.

Biological role

The role of the element in humans, animals and plants.

Natural abundance

Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially.

Uses and properties

Uses and properties

Image explanation

The image is of one of the many alchemical symbols once used to represent the element copper. It is shown against a 17th-century map of Cyprus, from where the element gets its name.

Appearance

A reddish-gold metal that is easily worked and drawn into wires.

Uses

Historically, copper was the first metal to be worked by people. The discovery that it could be hardened with a little tin to form the alloy bronze gave the name to the Bronze Age. Traditionally it has been one of the metals used to make coins, along with silver and gold. However, it is the most common of the three and therefore the least valued. All US coins are now copper alloys, and gun metals also contain copper. Most copper is used in electrical equipment such as wiring and motors. This is because it conducts both heat and electricity very well, and can be drawn into wires. It also has uses in construction (for example roofing and plumbing), and industrial machinery (such as heat exchangers).Copper sulfate is used widely as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling’s solution, are used in chemical tests for sugar detection.

Biological role

Copper is an essential element. An adult human needs around 1.2 milligrams of copper a day, to help enzymes transfer energy in cells. Excess copper is toxic. Genetic diseases, such as Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease, can affect the body’s ability to use copper properly.Unlike mammals, which use iron (in haemoglobin) to transport oxygen around their bodies, some crustaceans use copper complexes.

Natural abundance

Copper metal does occur naturally, but by far the greatest source is in minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite. Copper is obtained from these ores and minerals by smelting, leaching and electrolysis. The major copper-producing countries are Chile, Peru and China.

 

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History

History

Elements and Periodic Table History

Copper beads have been excavated in northern Iraq and which are more than ten thousand years old and presumably made from native copper, nuggets of which can sometimes be found. Copper was widely used in the ancient world as bronze, its alloy with tin, which was used to make cutlery, coins, and tools. In China it was used for bells.Copper is not difficult to extract from it ores, but mineable deposits were relatively rare. Some, such as the copper mine at Falun, Sweden, date from the 1200s, were the source of great wealth. One way to extract the metal was to roast the sulfide ore then leach out the copper sulfate that was formed, with water. This was then trickled over scrap iron on the surface of which the copper deposited, forming a flaky layer that was easily removed.

 

Glossary

Atomic radius, non-bonded

Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. These values were determined using several different methods.

Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination.

Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed.

Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale.

First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state.

Atomic data

Atomic data

Atomic radius, non-bonded (Å)

1.96

Covalent radius (Å)

1.22

Electron affinity (kJ mol−1)

119.159

Electronegativity (Pauling scale)

1.90

Ionisation energies (kJ mol−1) 

1st

745.482

2nd

1957.919

3rd

3554.616

4th

5536.33

5th

7699.5

6th

9938

7th

13411

8th

16017

 

Glossary

Common oxidation states

The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Key for isotopes

Half life

 

y

years

 

d

days

 

h

hours

 

m

minutes

 

s

seconds

Mode of decay

 

α

alpha particle emission

 

β

negative beta (electron) emission

 

β+

positron emission

 

EC

orbital electron capture

 

sf

spontaneous fission

 

ββ

double beta emission

 

ECEC

double orbital electron capture

Oxidation states and isotopes

Oxidation states and isotopes

Common oxidation states

2, 1

Isotopes

Isotope

Atomic mass

Natural abundance (%)

Half life

Mode of decay

 

63Cu

62.930

69.15

 

65Cu

64.928

30.85

 

Glossary

Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.

Relative supply risk

An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores.

Crustal abundance (ppm)

The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust.

Recycling rate

The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply.

Substitutability

The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity.

High = substitution not possible or very difficult.

Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact

Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact

Production concentration

The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.

Reserve distribution

The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.

Political stability of top producer

A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Political stability of top reserve holder

A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.

Supply risk

Supply risk

Relative supply risk

4.3

Crustal abundance (ppm)

27

Recycling rate (%)

>30

Substitutability

Low

Production concentration (%)

34

Reserve distribution (%)

28

Top 3 producers

1) Chile

2) Peru

3) China

Top 3 reserve holders

1) Chile

2) Peru

3) Australia

Political stability of top producer

67.5

Political stability of top reserve holder

67.5

 

Glossary

Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K.

Young's modulus

A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.

Shear modulus

A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain.

Bulk modulus

A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume.

Vapour pressure

A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system.

Pressure and temperature data – advanced

Pressure and temperature data – advanced

Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

385

Young's modulus (GPa)

129.8

Shear modulus (GPa)

48.3

Bulk modulus (GPa)

137.8

Vapour pressure

 

Temperature (K)

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Pressure (Pa)

-

-

6.60 x 10-11

1.53 x 10-6

0.00122

0.135

3.94

54.4

-

-

-

 

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Podcasts

Podcasts

Listen to Copper Podcast

Transcript :

Chemistry in its element: copper(Promo)You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.(End promo)Chris SmithHello, this week coins, conductivity and copper. To tell the tale of the element that has carried us from the Stone Age to the Information Age, here is Steve Mylon.Steve MylonPoor copper, until only recently it seems to have been out shone literally and figuratively by its transition metal cousins, Silver and Gold. I guess this is a combined result that history have in abundance. It's almost never the case where the popular elements are that way because of their utility and interesting chemistry. But for Gold and Silver it's all so superficial. They are more popular because they're prettier. My wife for example, a non chemist, wouldn't dream of wearing a copper wedding ring. That might have something to do with the fact that copper oxide has an annoying habit of dyeing your skin green. But if she only took the time to learn about copper, to get to know it some; may be then she would be likely to turn her back on the others and wear it with pride. Some report that copper is the first metal to be mined and crafted by humans. Whether this is or is not the case, there is evidence of civilizations using copper as far back as 10,000 years. For cultures to advance from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age it was copper that they needed. Bronze has 2 parts copper and one part tin, not silver or gold. Copper's importance to civilization has never let out and even now due to its excellent conductivity, copper is in great demand world wide, as rapidly developing nations such as China and India establish the infrastructure required to bring electricity to the homes of their citizens. In the past five years for example the price of copper has increased by more than four fold. Perhaps the greatest slap in the face to this important metal is its use in coins throughout many countries of the world. The orange brown coins are generally of low denomination while the shiny more silver like coins occupies the place at the top. Even in the United States' 5 cent piece, the nickel looks shiny and silvery, but actually contains 75% copper and only 25% nickel. Yet we don't even call it the copper. Of course I could go on and on spotting out many interesting facts and factoids about copper and why others should warm up to it. They easily could because it's an excellent heat conductor as well, but I find this metal so interesting for many other reasons as well. Copper is one of the few tracer metals that is essential for all species. For the most part the biological requirement of copper is quite low as only a few enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase require copper at their active sites. These generally rely on the oxidation-reduction cycling and play an important role in respiration. For humans, the requirement is quite low as well, merely 2mg of copper a day for adults. Yet too little copper in your diet can lead to high blood pressure and higher levels of cholesterol. Interestingly for copper the gap separating the required amount and the toxic amount is quite small. It may be the smallest for all the required trace metals. This is probably why it is commonly used as a pesticide, fungicide and algaecide, because such small amounts can get the jobs done. In my opinion you're unlikely to find a metal on the periodic table that has the versatility of copper and still has not been given the respect amongst its peers that it deserves. While substantially more abundant than gold and silver it importance in history is unmatched and its utility at the macro scale is only matched by its utility at the micro scale. No other metal can compete. So I'll try to explain this to my wife, when I present her with a pair of copper earrings or a nice copper necklace this holiday season. My guess is she'll turn up her nose because she'll think that this is the stuff that pennies are made of, even though these days they really aren't. Chris SmithA man married to copper, that's Steve Mylon. Next time we will be delving into the discovery of an element with a very firey temperament. Peter Wothers His younger cousin Edmund Davy was assisting Humphry at that time and he relates how when Humphry first saw the minute globules of potassium burst through the crust of potash and take fire, he could not contain his joy. Davy had every right to be delighted with this amazing new metal. It looks just like other bright shiny metals but its density was less than that of water. This meant that the metal would float on water. At least it would do if it didn't explode as soon as it came into contact with water. Potassium is so reactive; it will even react and burn a hole through ice.Chris SmithPeter Wothers with the story of element number 19, potassium. That's in next week's Chemistry in its element. I hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and good bye!(Promo)Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.com. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.org/elements.(End promo)

 

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References

References

Visual Elements images and videos© Murray Robertson 1998-2017. DataW. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 95th Edition, Internet Version 2015, accessed December 2014.

Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, Kaye & Laby Online, 16th edition, 1995. Version 1.0 (2005), accessed December 2014.

J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai, and R. A. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1), 2015, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, accessed November 2016.

T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, Butterworth, London, 1954. Uses and propertiesJohn Emsley, Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, New York, 2nd Edition, 2011.

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements, accessed December 2014.

Periodic Table of Videos, accessed December 2014. Supply risk dataDerived in part from material provided by the British Geological Survey © NERC. History textElements 1-112, 114, 116 and 117 © John Emsley 2012. Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118 © Royal Society of Chemistry 2017. PodcastsProduced by The Naked Scientists. Periodic Table of Videos

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Copper | Uses, Properties, & Facts | Britannica

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Also known as: Cu, cuprum

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Follow copper from green rock in open-pit mines to smelting, conversion, and refining into anode platesOpen-pit mining, smelting, and refining of copper in Utah.(more)See all videos for this articlecopperCrystalline copper from Michigan.(more)copper (Cu), chemical element, a reddish, extremely ductile metal of Group 11 (Ib) of the periodic table that is an unusually good conductor of electricity and heat. Copper is found in the free metallic state in nature. This native copper was first used (c. 8000 bce) as a substitute for stone by Neolithic (New Stone Age) humans. Metallurgy dawned in Mesopotamia as copper was cast to shape in molds (c. 4000 bce), was reduced to metal from ores with fire and charcoal, and was intentionally alloyed with tin as bronze (c. 3500 bce). The Roman supply of copper came almost entirely from Cyprus. It was known as aes Cyprium, “metal of Cyprus,” shortened to cyprium and later corrupted to cuprum. See also bronze.Element Propertiesatomic number29atomic weight63.546melting point1,083 °C (1,981 °F)boiling point2,567 °C (4,653 °F)density8.96 at 20 °C (68 °F)valence1, 2electron configuration2-8-18-1 or (Ar)3d104s1 Occurrence, uses, and properties copperCopper from the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, U.S.(more)Native copper is found at many locations as a primary mineral in basaltic lavas and also as reduced from copper compounds, such as sulfides, arsenides, chlorides, and carbonates. (For mineralogical properties of copper, see the table of native elements.) Copper occurs combined in many minerals, such as chalcocite, chalcopyrite, bornite, cuprite, malachite, and azurite. It is present in the ashes of seaweeds, in many sea corals, in the human liver, and in many mollusks and arthropods. Copper plays the same role of oxygen transport in the hemocyanin of blue-blooded mollusks and crustaceans as iron does in the hemoglobin of red-blooded animals. The copper present in humans as a trace element helps catalyze hemoglobin formation. A porphyry copper deposit in the Andes Mountains of Chile is the greatest known deposit of the mineral. By the early 21st century Chile had become the world’s leading producer of copper. Other major producers include Peru, China, and the United States. Kitwe: open-pit copper mineOpen-pit copper mine, Kitwe, Zambia.(more)Copper is commercially produced mainly by smelting or leaching, usually followed by electrodeposition from sulfate solutions. For a detailed treatment of the production of copper, see copper processing. The major portion of copper produced in the world is used by the electrical industries; most of the remainder is combined with other metals to form alloys. (It is also technologically important as an electroplated coating.) Important series of alloys in which copper is the chief constituent are brasses (copper and zinc), bronzes (copper and tin), and nickel silvers (copper, zinc, and nickel, no silver). There are many useful alloys of copper and nickel, including Monel; the two metals are completely miscible. Copper also forms an important series of alloys with aluminum, called aluminum bronzes. Beryllium copper (2 percent Be) is an unusual copper alloy in that it can be hardened by heat treatment. Copper is a part of many coinage metals. Long after the Bronze Age passed into the Iron Age, copper remained the metal second in use and importance to iron. By the 1960s, however, cheaper and much more plentiful aluminum had moved into second place in world production.

Copper production and reserves

country

mine production 2016 (metric tons)*

% of world mine production

demonstrated reserves 2016 (metric tons)*

% of world demonstrated reserves

*Estimated.

**Because of rounding, details do not add up to total given.

Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017.

Chile

5,500,000

28.4

210,000,000

29.2

Peru

2,300,000

11.9

81,000,000

11.3

China

1,740,000

9.0

28,000,000

3.9

United States

1,410,000

7.3

35,000,000

4.9

Australia

970,000

5.0

89,000,000

12.4

Congo (Kinshasa)

910,000

4.7

20,000,000

2.8

Zambia

740,000

3.8

20,000,000

7.4

Canada

720,000

3.7

11,000,000

1.5

Russia

710,000

3.7

30,000,000

4.2

Mexico

620,000

3.2

46,000,000

6.4

other countries

3,800,000

19.6

150,000,000

20.8

world total

19,400,000**

100**

720,000,000

100**

copper cablesCopper electrical cables. Because of copper's high electrical conductivity, it is heavily used in the electrical industry.(more)Copper is one of the most ductile metals, not especially strong or hard. Strength and hardness are appreciably increased by cold-working because of the formation of elongated crystals of the same face-centred cubic structure that is present in the softer annealed copper. Common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are soluble in molten copper and greatly affect the mechanical and electrical properties of the solidified metal. The pure metal is second only to silver in thermal and electrical conductivity. Natural copper is a mixture of two stable isotopes: copper-63 (69.15 percent) and copper-65 (30.85 percent).

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Facts You Should Know: The Periodic Table Quiz

Because copper lies below hydrogen in the electromotive series, it is not soluble in acids with the evolution of hydrogen, though it will react with oxidizing acids, such as nitric and hot, concentrated sulfuric acid. Copper resists the action of the atmosphere and seawater. Exposure for long periods to air, however, results in the formation of a thin green protective coating (patina) that is a mixture of hydroxocarbonate, hydroxosulfate, and small amounts of other compounds. Copper is a moderately noble metal, being unaffected by nonoxidizing or noncomplexing dilute acids in the absence of air. It will, however, dissolve readily in nitric acid and in sulfuric acid in the presence of oxygen. It is also soluble in aqueous ammonia or potassium cyanide in the presence of oxygen because of the formation of very stable cyano complexes upon dissolution. The metal will react at red heat with oxygen to give cupric oxide, CuO, and, at higher temperatures, cuprous oxide, Cu2O. It reacts on heating with sulfur to give cuprous sulfide, Cu2S.

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copper是什么意思_copper的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典

er是什么意思_copper的翻译_音标_读音_用法_例句_爱词霸在线词典首页翻译背单词写作校对词霸下载用户反馈专栏平台登录copper是什么意思_copper用英语怎么说_copper的翻译_copper翻译成_copper的中文意思_copper怎么读,copper的读音,copper的用法,copper的例句翻译人工翻译试试人工翻译翻译全文简明柯林斯牛津copper高中/CET4/CET6/考研/TOEFL英 [ˈkɒpə(r)]美 [ˈkɑːpər]释义n.铜(币); 警察adj.铜色的大小写变形:Copper点击 人工翻译,了解更多 人工释义词态变化复数: coppers;实用场景例句全部铜币紫铜色警察铜制的镀铜a copper mine铜矿牛津词典copper pipes铜管牛津词典copper-coloured hair红棕色的头发牛津词典I only paid a few coppers for it.我只花了几个铜板买下这东西。牛津词典Chile is the world's largest producer of copper.智利是世界上最大的产铜国。柯林斯高阶英语词典...a copper mine.铜矿柯林斯高阶英语词典His hair has reverted back to its original copper hue.他的头发又变回原来的淡红棕色。柯林斯高阶英语词典...your friendly neighbourhood copper.你们友善的社区警察柯林斯高阶英语词典The Tornado is the only Olympic class catamaran.托那多级是奥运会级别中唯一的双体船.期刊摘选In addition to copper, there are many other metals which are good conductors.除了铜之外, 还有很多其他金属都是良导体.《现代汉英综合大词典》Copper is a good conductor of heat.铜是热的良导体.《简明英汉词典》Copper wire is flexible.铜丝易弯曲.《简明英汉词典》Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.黄铜是铜和锌的合金.《现代英汉综合大词典》Copper has less resistance to electricity than lead.铜比铅的电阻要小.《简明英汉词典》Among the mineral deposits of the province , tin occupies first place ; copper comes second.该省矿藏, 以锡最多, 铜次之.《现代汉英综合大词典》Copper is a good conductor of electricity.铜是良导体.《现代英汉综合大词典》The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度.《简明英汉词典》Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体.《简明英汉词典》Copper conducts electricity better than other materials.铜导电比其它材料好.《现代英汉综合大词典》Brass is formed by the fusion of copper and zinc.黄铜是通过铜和锌的熔合而成的.《简明英汉词典》At room temperature, the thermal conductivity of a diamond is about six times higher than that of a piece of copper.在室温下, 钻石的热传导律比铜块高六倍左右.《简明英汉词典》Copper and silver are both metals.铜和银都是金属.《现代英汉综合大词典》Iron casts better than copper.铁比铜好铸.《现代英汉综合大词典》Copper conducts electricity well.铜是电的良导体.《简明英汉词典》They proved up the copper deposit.他们勘探了那个铜矿.《简明英汉词典》The worker worked in a little copper with the alloy.工人在合金里搀了一点铜.《简明英汉词典》When nitric acid is poured on copper, a brown vapor gives off.将硝酸倒在铜上, 会散发出一种棕色的蒸气.《简明英汉词典》Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.黄铜是铜锌合金。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》收起实用场景例句真题例句全部六级考研The materials from e-waste include iron, copper gold, silver, and aluminum—materials that could be reused, resold, salvaged, or recycled.2019年6月六级真题(第二套)阅读 Section BAs a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors.2017年考研真题(英语二)阅读理解 Section Ⅱ收起真题例句英英释义Noun1. a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor2. a copper penny3. uncomplimentary terms for a policeman4. a reddish brown the color of polished copper5. any of various small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae having copper colored wingsVerb1. coat with a layer of copper收起英英释义行业词典冶金学紫铜   医学铜   一种微红色,富有延展性的金属,原子序数29,原子量63.54,符号为Cu,能形成有毒盐类。铜元素是营养的必需物质,多种蛋白质的组成部分,包括血浆铜蓝蛋白、红细胞铜蛋白、细胞色素C氧化酶、酪氨酸酶等。铜缺乏(较少见)可引起低色素小细胞性贫血、中性白细胞减少和骨改变   释义词态变化实用场景例句真题例句英英释义行

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Freeport-McMoRan’s Focus on Protecting Biodiversity案例研究三月 5, 2024Read the ArticleNewmont Corporation Joins the International Copper Association新闻发布2月 28, 2024Read the ArticleWhat does COP28 mean for the copper industry?文章一月 29, 2024Read the ArticleInternational Copper Association Welcomes New President and CEO, Juan Ignacio Díaz新闻发布一月 17, 2024Read the ArticleThe Role of Mining in the Circular Economy文章10月 20, 2023Read the ArticleJX Nippon Mining and Metals Promotes “Sustainable Copper Vision” through Green Energy Initiatives案例研究10月 20, 2023Read the ArticleClimate Week NYC 2023: Key Themes for Critical Minerals9月 27, 2023Read the ArticleConcordia Annual Summit 2023: Critical Minerals—The Building Blocks of Decarbonization9月 19, 2023Read the Article

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The International Copper Association (ICA) and its members have developed a roadmap for bringing the carbon footprint as close as possible to net zero by 2050 for copper mining, smelting, refining and recycling.

Read Copper—The Pathway to Net Zero

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Circular Copper

Copper plays a key role in the transition to a clean and circular economy. This Transition will drive demand, which is expected to doubly by 2050, and will need to be met through both primary production and recycling.

Learn more about copper’s role in advancing the circular economy

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Join ICA’s upcoming panel “Copper Substitution and Future Competitive Market Share” at the CRU World Copper Conference 2024 in Santiago, Chile, part of CESCO Week….

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